الدرس الثالث عشر
Preposition
About
1. On the subject of: This is a story about elephants.
2. Approximately: He is about ten years old.
Above
1. Higher than; over: The plane flew above the clouds.
2. Earlier on a page: There is a heading above each diagram.
Across
1. From one side to the other: We walked across the field.
2. On the other side of: There is a store across the street.
After
1. Later in time: after ten o'clock; after lunch
2. Later in a series: Q comes after P in the alphabet.
3. In pursuit of: The dog ran after the cat.
Against
1. In opposition to: Theft is against the law.
2. Touching; supported by: I leaned my bicycle against the wall.
Along
1. Following the length of: We walked along the road.
Among
1. Within a group: The money was shared among three people.
Note: In formal English, among is usually used only when referring to more than two
persons or things. In contrast, between is used when referring to two persons or things.
Around
1. Circling something: We walked around the block.
2. Surrounding: There is a fence around the garden.
3. In different parts of: I looked around the house for the keys.
4. In the other direction: We turned around and went back home.
5. Approximately: He is around six feet tall.
At
1. A specific location: at 23 Chestnut Street; at the park
2. A point in time: at 5 o'clock; at Christmas
3. A condition: at peace; at war; at rest
4. An activity: at work; at school; at play
5. Towards: Look at someone; wave at someone
Before
1. Earlier in time: before two o'clock; before Christmas
2. Earlier in a series: S comes before T in the alphabet.
Behind
1. At the back of: The little girl hid behind her mother.
2. Late: I am behind in my work.
3. Cause; origin: Who was behind that idea?
Below
1. Lower than; under: below freezing; below sea level
2. Later on a page: Footnotes are provided below the text.
Beneath
1. Lower than; below: beneath the earth
Beside
1. Next to; at the side of: I sit beside her in class.
Besides
1. Also; as well as: We study other languages besides English.
Between
1. An intermediate location: Toronto lies between Montreal and Vancouver.
2. An intermediate time: between Christmas and New Year's Day
3. Intermediate in a series: B comes between A and C in the alphabet.
4. An intermediate amount: between five and ten people
5. Within a group of two: The money was shared between two people.
Beyond
1. Farther than: The mountains lie beyond the horizon.
2. Further than; exceeding: That was beyond my expectations.
But
1. Except: I have read all but the last chapter.
By
1. Near: a house by the sea
2. Past: He waved as he drove by the house.
3. Not later than: Try to finish the work by next week.
4. In units of: cheaper by the dozen; sold by weight
5. Through the means of: travel by plane
Despite
1. In spite of: We walked downtown despite the rain.
Down
1. To a lower position: The ball rolled down the hill.
2. Further along: He lives down the street.
During
1. Throughout a period: She works during the day.
2. Sometime within a period: An accident occurred during the night.
Except
1. Not including: I have visited everyone except him.
For
1. Duration of time: We walked for two hours.
2. Distance: I walked for five kilometers.
3. Purpose: I bought this jacket for you.
4. In the direction of: She left for New York.
5. In favor of: We are for the proposal.
6. Considering: The boy is clever for his age.
From
1. Place of origin: We left from Boston; he comes from Mexico
2. Start of a period of time: from now on; from yesterday until today
3. Start of a range: From 20 to 30 people were present.
4. Cause: He suffers from nervousness.
5. Source: I first heard the story from you.
In
1. Place thought of as an area: in London; in Europe
2. Within a location: in the room; in the building
3. Large units of time: That happened in March, in 1992.
4. Within a certain time: I will return in an hour.
5. By means of: write in pencil; speak in English
6. Condition: in doubt; in a hurry; in secret
7. A member of: He is in the orchestra; in the navy
8. Wearing: the boy in the blue shirt
9. With reference to: lacking in ideas; rich in oil
Inside
1. Within: They are inside the house.
Into
1. To the inside of: We stepped into the room.
2. Change of condition: The boy changed into a man.
Like
1. Resembling: That looks like him.
2. Appearing possible: It looks like rain.
3. Be in a suitable mood for: I feel like going swimming.
Near
1. Close to: near the school; near the ocean
Of
1. Location: east of here; the middle of the road
2. Possession: a friend of mine; the sound of music
3. Part of a group: one of us; a member of the team
4. Measurement: a cup of milk; two meters of snow
Off
1. Not on; away from: Please keep off the grass.
2. At some distance from: There are islands off the coast.
On
1. Touching the surface of: on the table; on the wall
2. A certain day: That happened on Sunday, on the 6th of June.
3. A certain street: on South Street
4. About: a book on engineering
5. A state or condition: on strike; on fire; on holiday
6. By means of: live on a pension; shown on television
Onto
1. To a position on: The child climbed onto the table.
Opposite
1. Facing: The library is opposite the fire station.
Out of
1. To the outside of: She went out of the room.
2. From among: We won two games out of three.
3. Motive: We spoke to them out of politeness.
4. Material: The bridge is made out of steel.
5. Beyond: out of control; out of danger
Outside
1. On the outer side of: outside the house
2. Beyond the limits of: outside my experience
Over
1. Above; higher than: There are cupboards over the sink.
2. Covering: We spread an extra blanket over the bed.
3. Across: I jumped over a puddle.
4. More than: It cost over ten dollars; it took over an hour
5. During: I saw him several times over the past week.
6. By means of: We made plans over the telephone.
Past
1. Up to and beyond: I walked past the house.
2. After (in time): It was past 2 o'clock; half past two
3. Beyond: past belief
Per
1. For each: 60 kilometers per hour; price per liter
Since
1. From a specific time in the past: I had been waiting since two o'clock.
2. From a past time until now: I have been waiting here since noon.
Through
1. Across; from end to end of: the main road through town
2. For the whole of a period: I slept through the night.
3. By means of: Skill improves through practice.
Throughout
1. In every part of: throughout the world
2. For the whole of a period: throughout the winter
To
1. In the direction of: Turn to the right.
2. Destination: I am going to Rome.
3. Until: from Monday to Friday; five minutes to ten
4. Compared with: They prefer hockey to soccer.
5. With indirect object: Please give it to me.
6. As part of infinitive: I like to ski; he wants to help.
7. In order to: We went to the store to buy soap.
Toward (or Towards)
1. In the direction of: We walked toward the center of town.
2. Near; just before (time): It rained towards evening.
Under
1. Beneath: under the desk; under the trees
2. Less than: Under 100 people were present.
3. In circumstances of: under repair; under way; under discussion
Underneath
1. Below, under: underneath the carpet
Until/Till
1. Up to a certain time: She will stay until Friday; until 5 p.m.
Upon
On and upon have similar meanings. Upon may be used in certain expressions, as in once upon a time.
Up
1. To a higher place: We went up the stairs.
2. In a higher place: She lives up the hill.
Up to
1. As far as: up to now; I have read up to page 100.
2. Depending on: The decision is up to you.
3. As good as; ready for: His work is up to standard.
Versus
1. Against (sports, legal): The next game is England versus Australia.
Via
1. By way of: He went to Los Angeles via San Francisco.
With
1. Accompanying: He came with her; I have my keys with me.
2. Having; containing: Here is a book with a map of the island.
3. By means of; using: I repaired the shoes with glue.
4. Manner: with pleasure; with ease; with difficulty
5. Because of: We were paralyzed with fear.
Within
1. Inside of: within twenty minutes; within one kilometer
Without
1. Not having: Do not leave without your coat; without money
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