part of speech

[Badr Al Duga]

كما هو واضح في العنوان ..
ما اقدر أميز نوع الكلمة من خلال الجملة
كيف أقدار اميز بينها
مثال : WHICH , Little. although
و غيرها كثييييييييييييييير

و أريد جمل مع التحليل حقها إذا ممكن ..

و شاكرة لكم كثيييييييييييييير

[باسل الشمال]

ناسيه والله

بس ان شاء تكون سهله عليك

[Badr Al Duga]

الله يحرم وجيهكم عن النار ..
هل من مجيب ..؟؟

[M.o_o.N]

___________________


ينقسم الكلام فى اللغه الانجليزيه الى 8 اقسام , طبعا كل قسم ووظيفته الى تضفى على الجمله معنى
مهم ان تفهمون هالنقاط الحين
لانها راح توضح لكم الكثير فى اللغه

___________________


* اولا: الاسماء(Nouns )
وهى كلمات تدل على اسماء الاشياء والكائنات الحيه , مثل
ريما Rima بـــــاب Door كويت kuwait

__________________



* ثانيا: الضمائر( Pronouns)
وهى كلمات نستخدمها بدلا من الاسماء, فنستطيع ذكر الناس او الاشياء من دون ان نناديها باسمائها مثل
ذلك that من Who انت you انا I
_________________


* ثالثا ( Adjectives)
وهى كلمات تصف الاسم من خلال توضيح معناه واتمامه, مثل
طفل ذكي An intelligent child
زهرة جميله A lovely flower
إنه كتاب جديد Its a new book
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* رابعا:الافعال (Averb)
وهى الكلمات تعبر عن الفعل الذى يقوم به او يعانى منه الانسان او غير الانسان , مثل
لعبوا البايسبول They played Baseball
أنا جائع Iam Hungrey
هزم العدو The enemy was defeated
_______________

* خامسا: الظروف ( Adverbs)
وهى كلمات تضاف الى الفعل لزيادة ايضاحه ووصف الحال الذى وقع فيه , مثل
ركضت بسرعه I ran quickly
تستطيع أن تعمل بجد You can work hard
إلتقينا البارحة we met yesterday
_______________


* سادسا: حروف الجر ( Perpostions )
وهى مفردات تصل ما بين الاسماء( او الضمائر) والكلمات لاخرى لتعبر عن العلاقه المجرده
المتعلقه بالحال او الزمان او المكان, مثل
تصاعد الدخان من المدخنه The smoke went up the chimny
وضعت هدى الكتب على الرف Huda put the books upon the
عملت بجد كى انجح I worked hard because I wanted to succeed
________________


* سابعا: حروف العطف ( conjunctions )
هى مفردات تستخدم لربط الكلمات والجمل واشباه الجمل مثل
انها جميله ومجتهده She's beautiful and clever
عملت بجد كي انجح I worked hard because I wanted to succeed
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* ثامنا: حروف التعجب ( Interjections )
وهى مفردات تعبر عن الشعور المفاجئ بالدهشة, مثل
يا إلهى Oh God!
ما اجمله! How beautiful that is!
ياللعجب! what a wonder!
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ملاحظــــــــــــه : ممكن ان كلمه معينه تستخدم باكثر من شكل اى ممكن كاسم او ظرف او فعل
حسب موقعها فى الجمله ونعرفها واى شكل هى من خلال فهمنا لدرس الاقسام جيدا

مثال على هذه الملاحظة:

اتى بطائرة سريعه جدا He came by a very fast plan

تكتب فاطمه بسرعه فائقه fatma writes very fast

يصوم المسلمون شهرا كاملا Muslims fast far a whole month

انظروا معى الان فى الجمله الاولى أُستخدمت كلمه fast كصفه adjective وفى الثانيه كظرف adverb وفى الثالث استخدمت كفعل verb فمعنى fast فى الجمله الثالثه هو يصوم.



منقول للفائدة

[M.o_o.N]

Traditional grammar classifies words based on eight parts of speech: the verb, the noun, the pronoun, the adjective, the adverb, the preposition, the conjunction, and the interjection

Each part of speech explains not what the word is, but how the word is used. In fact, the same word can be a noun in one sentence and a verb or adjective in the next. The next few examples show how a word's part of speech can change from one sentence to the next, and following them is a series of sections on the individual parts of speech, followed by an exercise

The Verb

Recognize a verb when you see one
Verbs are a necessary component of all sentences. Verbs have two important functions: Some verbs put static objects into motion while other verbs help to clarify the objects in meaningful ways. Look at the examples below

My grumpy old English teacher smiled at the plate of cold meatloaf

My grumpy old English teacher = static object; smiled = verb

The daredevil cockroach splashed into Sara's soup

The daredevil cockroach = static object; splashed = verb

Theo's overworked computer exploded in a spray of sparks

Theo's overworked computer = static object; exploded = verb

The curious toddler popped a grasshopper into her mouth

The curious toddler = static object; popped = verb

Francisco's comic book collection is worth $20,000.00

Francisco's comic book collection = static object; is = verb

The important thing to remember is that every subject in a sentence must have a verb. Otherwise, you will have written a fragment, a major writing error

Remember to consider word function when you are looking for a verb
Many words in English have more than one function. Sometimes a word is a subject, sometimes a verb, sometimes a modifier. As a result, you must often analyze the job a word is doing in the sentence. Look at these two examples

Potato chips crunch too loudly to eat during an exam

The crunch of the potato chips drew the angry glance of Professor Orsini to our corner of the room

Crunch is something that we can do. We can crunch cockroaches under our shoes. We can crunch popcorn during a movie. We can crunch numbers for a math class. In the first sentence, then, crunch is what the potato chips do, so we can call it a verb

Even though crunch is often a verb, it can also be a noun. The crunch of the potato chips, for example, is a thing, a sound that we can hear. You therefore need to analyze the function that a word provides in a sentence before you determine what grammatical name to give that word

Know an action verb when you see one
Dance! Sing! Paint! Giggle! Chew! What are these words doing? They are expressing action, something that a person, animal, force of nature, or thing can do. As a result, words like these are called action verbs. Look at the examples below

Clyde sneezes with the force of a tornado

Sneezing is something that Clyde can do

Because of the spoiled mayonnaise, Ricky vomited potato salad all day

Vomiting is something that Ricky can do—although he might not enjoy it

Sylvia always winks at cute guys driving hot cars

Winking is something that Sylvia can do

The telephone rang with shrill, annoying cries

Ringing is something that the telephone can do

Thunder boomed in the distance, sending my poor dog scrambling under the bed

Booming is something that thunder can do

If you are unsure whether a sentence contains an action verb or not, look at every word in the sentence and ask yourself, "Is this something that a person or thing can do?" Take this sentence, for example

During the summer, my poodle constantly pants and drools

Can you during? Is during something you can do? Can you the? Is there someone theing outside the window right now? Can you summer? Do your obnoxious neighbors keep you up until 2 a.m. because they are summering? Can you my? What does a person do when she's mying? Can you poodle? Show me what poodling is. Can you pant? Bingo! Sure you can! Run five miles and you'll be panting. Can you and? Of course not! But can you drool? You bet—although we don't need a demonstration of this ability. In the sentence above, therefore, there are two action verbs: pant and drool

Know a linking verb when you see one
Linking verbs, on the other hand, do not express action. Instead, they connect the subject of a verb to additional information about the subject. Look at the examples below

Mario is a computer hacker

Ising isn't something that Mario can do. Is connects the subject, Mario, to additional information about him, that he will soon have the FBI on his trail

During bad storms, trailer parks are often magnets for tornadoes

Areing isn't something that trailer parks can do. Are is simply connecting the subject, trailer parks, to something said about them, that they tend to attract tornadoes

After receiving another failing grade in algebra, Jose became depressed

Became connects the subject, Jose, to something said about him, that he wasn't happy

A three-mile run seems like a marathon during a hot, humid July afternoon

Seems connects the subject, a three-mile run, with additional information, that it's more arduous depending on the day and time

At restaurants, Rami always feels angry after waiting an hour for a poor meal

Feels connects the subject, Rami, to his state of being, anger

The following verbs are true linking verbs: any form of the verb be [am, were, has been, are being, might have been, etc.], become, and seem. These true linking verbs are always linking verbs

Then you have a list of verbs with multiple personalities: appear, feel, grow, look, prove, remain, smell, sound, taste, and turn. Sometimes these verbs are linking verbs; sometimes they are action verbs. Their function in a sentence decides what you should call them

How do you tell when they are action verbs and when they are linking verbs? If you can substitute am, is, or are for the verb and the sentence still sounds logical, you have a linking verb on your hands. If, after the substitution, the sentence makes no sense, you are dealing with an action verb. Here are some examples

Chris tasted the crunchy, honey-roasted grasshopper

Chris is the grasshopper? I don't think so! In this sentence then, tasted is an action verb

The crunchy, honey-roasted grasshopper tasted good

The grasshopper is good? You bet. Roast your own

I smell the delicious aroma of the grilled octopus

I am the delicious aroma? Not the last time I checked. Smell, in this sentence, is an action verb

The aroma of the grilled octopus smells appetizing

The aroma is appetizing? Definitely! Come take a whiff

The students looked at the equation until their brains hurt

The students are the equation? Of course not! Here, looked is an action verb

The equation looked hopelessly confusing

The equation is confusing? Without a doubt! You try it

This substitution will not work for appear. With appear, you have to analyze the function of the verb

Godzilla appeared in the doorway, spooking me badly

Appear is something Godzilla can do—whether you want him to or not

Godzilla appeared happy to see me

Here, appeared is connecting the subject, Godzilla, to his state of mind, happiness

Realize that a verb can have more than one part
You must remember that verbs can have more than one part. In fact, a verb can have as many as four parts. A multi-part verb has a base or main part as well as additional helping or auxiliary verbs with it. Check out the examples below

Harvey spilled chocolate milkshake on Leslie's new dress

Because Harvey is a klutz, he is always spilling something

Harvey might have spilled the chocolate milkshake because the short dress distracted him

Harvey should have been spilling the chocolate milkshake down his throat

The Noun

Recognize a noun when you see one
George! Jupiter! Ice cream! Courage! Books! Bottles! Godzilla! All of these words are nouns, words that identify the whos, wheres, and whats in language. Nouns name people, places, and things. Read the sentence that follows

George and Godzilla walked to Antonio's to order a large pepperoni pizza

George is a person. Antonio's is a place. Pizza is a thing. Godzilla likes to think he's a person, is as big as a place, but qualifies as another thing

Understand the functions that nouns provide in sentences
Nouns can function as subjects, direct objects, indirect objects, objects of prepositions, and subject complements. Check out these examples

Godzilla ordered a large pepperoni pizza and ate the pie in a single bite

Godzilla = the subject for the verbs ordered and ate

George offered Godzilla a ten-dollar loan to buy a second pizza

Godzilla = the indirect object of offered; loan = the direct object of offered

While eating a piece of pizza, George dripped tomato sauce onto his shirt

Shirt = the object of the preposition onto

In Godzilla's opinion, George is a slob

Slob = subject complement of the linking verb is

Know the different classes of nouns
Nouns have different classes: proper and common, concrete and abstract, count and noncount, and collective

Proper nouns name specific, one-of-a-kind items while common nouns identify the general varieties. Proper nouns always begin with capital letters; common nouns, on the other hand, only require capitalization if they start the sentence or are part of a title. Read these two versions

George and Godzilla dined at Antonio's

George, Godzilla, Antonio's = proper nouns

A boy and his monster dined at a pizza restaurant

Boy, monster, restaurant = common nouns

You classify concrete and abstract nouns by their ability to register on your five senses. If you can see, hear, smell, taste, or feel the item, it's a concrete noun. If, however, you cannot experience the item with any of your senses, it's abstract. Here are two examples

Pizza is Godzilla's favorite food

Pizza = concrete because you can see, hear, smell, feel [though you get your fingers greasy], and thankfully taste it

Godzilla never tips the delivery boy from Antonio's; politeness is not one of Godzilla's strong points

Politeness = abstract [you cannot see politeness, or hear, smell, taste, or touch the quality itself]

Many nouns can be singular or plural; these are count nouns. Noncount nouns, on the other hand, have only a singular form; to make them plural is illogical. Read the sentences that follow

Godzilla ate three pizzas, two delivery boys, and six parked cars

Pizzas, boys, and cars = count nouns. Godzilla didn't have to be such a pig; he could have eaten only one pizza, one delivery boy, and one car

After overindulging at Antonio's, Godzilla got severe indigestion

Indigestion = noncount. You cannot write, "Godzilla got eleven indigestions."

Collective nouns name groups. Although the group is a single unit, it has more than one member. Some examples are army, audience, board, cabinet, class, committee, company, corporation, council, department, faculty, family, firm, group, jury, majority, minority, navy, public, school, society, team, and troupe

Collective nouns are especially tricky when you are trying to make verbs and pronouns agree with them. The reason is that collective nouns can be singular or plural, depending on the behavior of the members of the group

For example, if the members are acting as a unit—everyone doing the same thing at the same time—the collective noun is singular and requires singular verbs and pronouns. Read this example

Despite the danger to its new van, the SWAT team pursues the pizza-eating Godzilla through the streets of Miami

In this sentence, the members of the collective noun team are acting in unison; each officer is engaged in the same activity at the same time. Thus, its, a singular pronoun, and pursues, a singular verb, are required. Now read the next example

After getting their butts kicked by Godzilla, the team change into their street clothes and sob in their cars on the way home

Here, the team members are acting individually. They are not putting on one giant set of street clothes that covers them all. They are not in unison pulling on their left socks first, then their right socks second. Instead, each member is dressing as he wishes, driving his own car to his own home. In cases like this, the collective noun is plural and requires plural pronouns [like their] and plural verbs [like change]

Keep in mind that a single noun can fall into more than one class. Here is an example

Godzilla has known five Georges in his life

Georges = proper, concrete, and count

[M.o_o.N]

The Adjective

Recognize an adjective when you see one
Adjectives describe nouns by answering one of these three questions: What kind is it? How many are there? Which one is it? An adjective can be a single word, a phrase, or a clause. Check out these examples

What kind is it

Dan decided that the fuzzy green bread would make an unappetizing sandwich

What kind of bread? Fuzzy green! What kind of sandwich? Unappetizing

A friend with a fat wallet will never want for weekend shopping partners

What kind of friend? One with money to spend

A towel that is still warm from the dryer is more comforting than a hot fudge sundae

What kind of towel? One right out of the dryer

How many are there

Seven hungry space aliens slithered into the diner and ordered two dozen vanilla milkshakes

How many hungry space aliens? Seven

The students, five freshmen and six sophomores, braved Dr. Ribley's killer calculus exam

How many students? Eleven

The disorganized pile of books, which contained seventeen overdue volumes from the library and five unread class texts, blocked the doorway in Eli's dorm room

How many books? Twenty-two

Which one is it

The most unhealthy item from the cafeteria is the steak sub, which will slime your hands with grease.

Which item from the cafeteria? Certainly not the one that will lower your cholesterol!

The cockroach eyeing your cookie has started to crawl this way

Which cockroach? Not the one crawling up your leg but the one who wants your cookie

The students who neglected to prepare for Mrs. Mauzy's English class hide in the cafeteria rather than risk their instructor's wrath

Which students? Not the good students but the lazy slackers

Know how to punctuate a series of adjectives
To describe a noun fully, you might need to use two or more adjectives. Sometimes a series of adjectives requires commas, but sometimes it doesn't. What makes the difference

If the adjectives are coordinate, you must use commas between them. If, on the other hand, the adjectives are noncoordinate, no commas are necessary. How do you tell the difference

Coordinate adjectives can pass one of two tests. When you rearrange their location in the series or when you insert and between them, they still make sense. Look at the following example

The tall, creamy, delicious milkshake melted on the counter while the inattentive waiter flirted with the pretty cashier

Now read this revision

The delicious, tall, creamy milkshake melted on the counter while the inattentive waiter flirted with the pretty cashier

The series of adjectives still makes sense even though the order has changed. And if you insert and between the adjectives, you still have a logical sentence

The tall and creamy and delicious milkshake melted on the counter while the inattentive waiter flirted with the pretty cashier

Noncoordinate adjectives do not make sense when you rearrange their location in the series or when you insert and between them. Check out this example

Jeanne's two fat Siamese cats hog the electric blanket on cold winter evenings

If you switch the order of the adjectives, the sentence becomes gibberish

Fat Siamese two Jeanne's cats hog the electric blanket on cold winter evenings

Logic will also evaporate if you insert and between the adjectives

Jeanne's and two and fat and Siamese cats hog the electric blanket on cold winter evenings

Form comparative and superlative adjectives correctly
To make comparisons, you will often need comparative or superlative adjectives. You use comparative adjectives if you are discussing two people, places, or things. You use superlative adjectives if you have three or more people, places, or things. Look at these two examples

Stevie, a suck up who sits in the front row, has a thicker notebook than Nina, who never comes to class

The thinnest notebook belongs to Mike, a computer geek who scans all notes and handouts and saves them on the hard drive of his laptop

You can form comparative adjectives two ways. You can add er to the end of the adjective, or you can use more or less before it. Do not, however, do both! You violate the rules of grammar if you claim that you are more taller, more smarter, or less faster than your older brother Fred

One-syllable words generally take er at the end, as in these examples

Because Fuzz is a smaller cat than Buster, she loses the fights for tuna fish

For dinner, we ordered a bigger pizza than usual so that we would have cold leftovers for breakfast

Two-syllable words vary. Check out these examples

Kelly is lazier than an old dog; he is perfectly happy spending an entire Saturday on the couch, watching old movies and napping

The new suit makes Marvin more handsome than a movie star

Use more or less before adjectives with three or more syllables

Movies on our new flat-screen television are, thankfully, less colorful; we no longer have to tolerate the electric greens and nuclear pinks of the old unit

Heather is more compassionate than anyone I know; she watches where she steps to avoid squashing a poor bug by accident

You can form superlative adjectives two ways as well. You can add est to the end of the adjective, or you can use most or least before it. Do not, however, do both! You violate another grammatical rule if you claim that you are the most brightest, most happiest, or least angriest member of your family

One-syllable words generally take est at the end, as in these examples

These are the tartest lemon-roasted squid tentacles that I have ever eaten

Nigel, the tallest member of the class, has to sit in the front row because he has bad eyes; the rest of us crane around him for a glimpse of the board

Two-syllable words vary. Check out these examples

Because Hector refuses to read directions, he made the crispiest mashed potatoes ever in the history of instant food

Because Isaac has a crush on Ms. Orsini, his English teacher, he believes that she is the most gorgeous creature to walk the planet

Use most or least before adjectives with three or more syllables

The most frustrating experience of Desiree's day was arriving home to discover that the onion rings were missing from her drive-thru order

The least believable detail of the story was that the space aliens had offered Eli a slice of pepperoni pizza before his release

[M.o_o.N]

The Adverb

Recognize an adverb when you see one
Adverbs tweak the meaning of verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, and clauses. Read, for example, this sentence

Our basset hound Bailey sleeps on the living room floor

Is Bailey a sound sleeper, curled into a tight ball? Or is he a fitful sleeper, his paws twitching while he dreams? The addition of an adverb adjusts the meaning of the verb sleeps so that the reader has a clearer picture

Our basset hound Bailey sleeps peacefully on the living room floor

Adverbs can be single words, or they can be phrases or clauses. Adverbs answer one of these four questions: How? When? Where? and Why

Here are some single-word examples

Lenora rudely grabbed the last chocolate cookie

The adverb rudely fine-tunes the verb grabbed

Tyler stumbled in the completely dark kitchen

The adverb completely fine-tunes the adjective dark

Roxanne very happily accepted the ten-point late penalty to work on her research essay one more day

The adverb very fine-tunes the adverb happily

Surprisingly, the restroom stalls had toilet paper

The adverb surprisingly modifies the entire main clause that follows

Many single-word adverbs end in ly. In the examples above, you saw peacefully, rudely, completely, happily, and surprisingly. Not all ly words are adverbs, however. Lively, lonely, and lovely are adjectives instead, answering the questions What kind? or Which one

Many single-word adverbs have no specific ending, such as next, not, often, seldom, and then. If you are not certain whether a word is an adverb or not, use a dictionary to determine its part of speech

Adverbs can also be multi-word phrases and clauses. Here are some examples

At 2 a.m., a bat flew through Deidre's open bedroom window

The prepositional phrase at 2 a.m. indicates when the event happened. The second prepositional phrase, through Deidre's open bedroom window, describes where the creature traveled

With a fork, George thrashed the raw eggs until they foamed

The subordinate clause until they foamed describes how George prepared the eggs

Sylvia emptied the carton of milk into the sink because the expiration date had long passed

The subordinate clause because the expiration date had long passed describes why Sylvia poured out the milk

Avoid an adverb when a single, stronger word will do
Many readers believe that adverbs make sentences bloated and flabby. When you can replace a two-word combination with a more powerful, single word, do so

For example, don't write drink quickly when you mean gulp, or walk slowly when you mean saunter, or very hungry when you mean ravenous

Form comparative and superlative adverbs correctly
To make comparisons, you will often need comparative or superlative adverbs. You use comparative adverbs—more and less—if you are discussing two people, places, or things. You use superlative adverbs—most and least—if you have three or more people, places, or things. Look at these two examples

Beth loves green vegetables, so she eats broccoli more frequently than her brother Daniel does

Among the members of her family, Beth eats pepperoni pizza the least often

Don't use an adjective when you need an adverb instead
You will often hear people say, "Anthony is real smart" or "This pizza sauce is real salty

Real is an adjective, so it cannot modify another adjective like smart or salty. What people should say is "Anthony is really smart" or "This pizza sauce is really salty

If you train yourself to add the extra ly syllable when you speak, you will likely remember it when you write, where its absence will otherwise cost you points or respect

Realize that an adverb is not part of the verb
Some verbs require up to four words to complete the tense. A multi-part verb has a base or main part as well as additional helping or auxiliary verbs with it

When a short adverb such as also, never, or not, interrupts, it is still an adverb, not part of the verb. Read these examples

For his birthday, Frank would also like a jar of dill pickles

Would like = verb; also = adverb

After that dreadful casserole you made last night, Julie will never eat tuna or broccoli again

Will eat = verb; never = adverb

Despite the approaching deadline, Sheryl-Ann has not started her research essay

Has started = verb; not = adverb

[M.o_o.N]

The Pronouns

Pronouns are small words that take the place of a noun. We can use a pronoun instead of a noun. Pronouns are words like: he, you, ours, themselves, some, each... If we didn't have pronouns, we would have to repeat a lot of nouns. We would have to say things like

•Do you like the president? I don't like the president. The president is too pompous
With pronouns, we can say

•Do you like the president? I don't like him. He is too pompous

Personal Pronouns

I, me, you, he, him, she

Demonstrative Pronouns

this, that, these, those

Possessive Pronouns

mine, yours, his

Interrogative Pronouns

who, what, which

Reflexive Pronouns

myself, yourself, himself

Reciprocal Pronouns

each other, one another

Indefinite Pronouns

another, much, nobody, few, such

Relative Pronouns

who, whom, which

Pronoun Case

subjective, objective, possessive

[M.o_o.N]

Conjunctions

Definition: Conjunctions are the words we use to link or join two or more sentences together or two words within the same sentence. The most common conjunctions in English are: and* but* or* nor* for

For example: We eat at home and work in the office (The conjunction "and" joins the sentences: "we eat at home" with "we work in the office")

There are two kinds of conjunctions

Coordinating
Subordinating

Coordinating Coordinating conjunctions are used when we want to join two sentences that work at the same level of importance in our speech* both actions are equally important

These conjunctions are

Now
And
But
Still
So
Only
Therefore
Moreover
Besides
Consequently
Nevertheless
For
However
Hence
Either...or
Neither... nor
Both... and
Not only... but also
While
Then
So then

For expample

They went to the beach and had lunch there
In this example we are using the coordinating conjunction "and" to join two different sentences* "They went to the beach" with "(they) had lunch there

Subordinating Subordinating conjunctions are used to join two sentences when one of them is depending on the first one. The majority of conjunctions are "subordinating

conjunctions they are

Who
Wich
That
Although* though
While
Since
Until
As
As if* as though
After
Before
How
Once
So that
When
Lest
Why
If
In order that
Unless
Whether... or
Because of
Till
Where
Whether

A subordinate or dependent clause "depends" on a main or independent clause. It cannot exist alone. For example: "Although I work hard" does not make any sense. But a main or independent clause can exist alone. For example: "I'm still broke."

For expample

This is the restaurant that I told you about
In this example* the subordinating conjunction "that" introduces the sentence "I told you about" which is dependent on the first sentence "this is the restaurant"

Position

Coordinating conjunctions always come between the words or clauses that they join
Subordinating conjunctions usually come at the beginning of the subordinate clause

[M.o_o.N]

The Preposition

A preposition is a word governing, and usually coming in front of, a noun or pronoun and expressing a relation to another word or element, as in

English Prepositions List

There are about 150 prepositions in English. Yet this is a very small number when you think of the thousands of other words (nouns, verbs etc). Prepositions are important words. We use individual prepositions more frequently than other individual words. In fact, the prepositions of, to and in are among the ten most frequent words in English. Here is a short list of 70 of the more common one-word prepositions. Many of these prepositions have more than one meaning. Please refer to a dictionary for precise meaning and usage

aboard
about
above
across
after
against
along
amid
among
anti
around
as
at
before
behind
below
beneath
beside
besides
between
beyond
but
by
concerning
considering
despite
down
during
except
excepting
excluding
following
for
from
in
inside
into
like
minus
near
of
off
on
onto
opposite
outside
over
past
per
plus
regarding
round
save
since
than
through
to
toward
towards
under
underneath
unlike
until
up
upon
versus
via
with
within
without

English Preposition Rule

There is one very simple rule about prepositions. And, unlike most rules, this rule has no exceptions

Rule

A preposition is followed by a "noun". It is never followed by a verb

By "noun" we include
noun dog, money, love
proper noun name Bangkok, Mary
pronoun you, him, us
noun group my first job
gerund swimming

A preposition cannot be followed by a verb. If we want to follow a preposition by a verb, we must use the "-ing" form which is really a gerund or verb in noun form

Quick Quiz: In the following sentences, why is "to" followed by a verb? That should be impossible, according to the above rule

I would like to go now
She used to smoke

Examples

The food is on the table

Subject + verb: The food is
preposition: on
noun: the table

She lives in Japan

Subject + verb: She lives
preposition: in
noun: Japan

Prepositions of Place: at, in, on
In general, we use

at for a POINT
in for an ENCLOSED SPACE
on for a SURFACE

Look at these examples

Jane is waiting for you at the bus stop
The shop is at the end of the street
When will you arrive at the office
Do you work in an office
I have a meeting in New York

Prepositions of Time: at, in, on
We use

at for a PRECISE TIME
in for MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS
on for DAYS and DATES

Look at these examples

I have a meeting at 9am
The shop closes at midnight
Jane went home at lunchtime
Do you work on Mondays
Her birthday is on 20 November

[M.o_o.N]

The Interjection

Symbol

uh-huh mhm mm uh-uh

Definition Expressions of surprise ('oh'), affirmation, negation and discourse particles (such as 'well,' 'anyway') are examples of interjections. Four of them utilized by speakers engaging in spontaneous speech will now be described in greater detail: two of them fall into the category "affirmation," and the other two belong to the category "negation

"

Affirmation

Symbol uh-huh
mhm

Definition These two variations of the affirmation are used by speakers engaging in spontaneous speech to indicate agreement with, certainty about, or understanding of something that has just been said

In transcription, the two are treated in the same manner as a word and may serve as turns by themselves. They are written as they sound

Negation

Symbol mm
uh-uh

Definition These two sounds have the opposite meaning when utilized in speech as that of the affirmation. The 'mm' and 'uh-uh' are used to represent disagreement, and are virtually synonymous in meaning with the word 'no'

The sound 'mm' is produced nasally with the lips closed. It is a two-syllabic vocalization with a glottal stop in the middle, and is generally accompanied with a shake of the head carrying the meaning 'no'

The sound 'uh-uh' is also a two-syllabic vocalization produced at the back of the throat characterized by a vowel sound and glottal stop in the middle. It also carries the meaning 'no'

When transcribing, you must be careful not to confuse these negations with filled pauses. They are responses or reactions, NOT filled pauses

Notes There are two functions for 'hm:' the filled pause and the articulated 'hm.' The articulated version carries meaning, either as an inquiry, 'hm?' or as surprise

Examples

Affirmation uh-huh

First : Speaker_1: channel number six is this microphone here
Speaker_2: uh-huh .

Second : Speaker_1: primary school , where this person went to grammar school
Speaker_2: uh-huh

Third : uh-huh . <uh> once we hit the record button we just let it go , no matter what

mhm

First : mhm
Second :mhm . his information on the web page is <uh> like a year out of date or something

Negation

uh-uh

First : uh-uh
Second : uh-uh . at least , I don't think so

mm

First : mm
Second : mm . I don't think he's going to like that

Completed
From several sources
Regards