اسئلة مادة اللغويات

**سناء احمد** · 25-12-2010, 10:16 PM

1
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Distinguish clearly or define = 5 x 3 = 15 points IV
Code Switching: refers to the use of more than one language by participants in the
execution of a speech event or a speech act.
Code mixing: refers to the embedding of various language units from two linguistic
systems or two language varieties. It operates on the level of the sentence.
1.
Adjacency Pairs: Kinds of utterance tend to occur together, e.g. question and answer. 2.
Coherence: The requirement that texts hang together conceptually.
Cohesion: The requirement that texts cohere grammatically and lexically.
3.
Anaphora: it is backward reference, or referring to the preceding text.
Cataphora: it is forward reference, or referring to the following text.
4.
Substitution: is a relation within the text whose major function is to avoid repetition
of elements by means of substituting the repeated element by an appropriate proform.
Ellipsis: it is a kind of substitution, it can be defined as “ substitution by zero.”
5.
2
V.
What is Rule Breaking? When does it happen? Give examples ( 15 points)
In all aspects of social behavior, there will be individuals who on certain occasions will
violate the norms of communication shared by speakers in a given speech community.
We
will assume that some violations are intentional and others are due to lack of communicative
competence. An obvious example of norm-violation or rule-breaking takes place in intercultural
interactions. For example, the factor of proxemics is culturally variable. Hall (
1994) claims that “the distance at which many Arabs feel comfortable at conducting
business may be felt by Americans as uncomfortably intimate.” Hymes ((1972) observes
that the phenomenon of hesitation in speech is signaled in more than one way in the
while for , hesitation in cases of er or um American society white Americans use the fillers
many blacks the normal pattern is repeating the utterance, which may be interpreted by
whites as a defect in speech. Ervin-Tripp (1977) provides the example of an exchange
the insulted between a black medical doctor and a white policeman in which the policeman
doctor three times:
1. He addressed him as “boy”, 2. he ignored the physician’s response, 3. he repeated the
term “boy”. Here the rule-breaking is intentional.
VI
Explain the functions of Code-Switching (10 points)
1. Referential Function:
CS may be due to lack of knowledge of one language or lack of
facility in that language on a certain subject.
2. Directive function:
This involves the hearer, either by excluding or including
him/her.
3. Expressive Function:
This allows the speaker to emphasize a mixed identity through
C.S.
4. Phatic Function:
This refers to the speaker’s desire to introduce a change in the tone
of conversation.
5. Showing-Off Function: CS is sometimes used as a marker of eliteness and
modernization. This usually creates funny situations, particularly if the speaker does
not master L2 well.